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Which of the following is/are criteria followed for the determination of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)?
1. A pre-agriculture level of technology
2. Distinctive culture
3. A stagnant or declining population
4. Extremely low literacy
5. A subsistence level of economy
6. Geographical isolation
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Ans) C
Exp)
• The criteria followed for determination of PVTGs are as under:
1. A pre-agriculture level of technology;
2. A stagnant or declining population;
3. Extremely low literacy; and
4. A subsistence level of the economy.
• The PVTGs are the marginalized section of the Scheduled tribes of India. They are a section who are relatively isolated, educationally and socio-economically backward, living in a habitat far away from amenities. PVTG is not a Constitutional category, nor are these constitutionally recognized communities.
• It is a government of India classification created with the purpose of enabling improvement in the conditions of certain communities with, particularly low development.
Ans) C
Exp)
• The criteria followed for determination of PVTGs are as under:
1. A pre-agriculture level of technology;
2. A stagnant or declining population;
3. Extremely low literacy; and
4. A subsistence level of the economy.
• The PVTGs are the marginalized section of the Scheduled tribes of India. They are a section who are relatively isolated, educationally and socio-economically backward, living in a habitat far away from amenities. PVTG is not a Constitutional category, nor are these constitutionally recognized communities.
• It is a government of India classification created with the purpose of enabling improvement in the conditions of certain communities with, particularly low development.
With reference to the ‘collegium system’, consider the following statements:
1. It finds mention in Articles 124(2) and 217 of the Constitution of India.
2. It does not recommend the transfer of Chief Justices of a High Court.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Ans) D
Exp)
• Statement 1 is incorrect. The Collegium of judges is the Supreme Court’s invention. It does not figure in the Constitution, which says judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts are appointed by the President and speaks of a process of consultation.
• Statement 2 is correct. The Collegium a system developed for appointment and transfer of Judges of Supreme and High Court. It also recommends the transfer of Chief Justices and other judges.
• The collegium system has its genesis in a series of Supreme Court judgments called the ‘Judges Cases’. The collegium came into being through interpretations of pertinent constitutional provisions by the Supreme Court in the Judges Cases.
• The Collegium is a system under which judges are appointed by an institution comprising judges. After some judges were superseded in the appointment of the Chief Justice of India in the 1970s, and attempts made subsequently to effect a mass transfer of High Court judges across the country, there was a perception that the independence of the judiciary was under threat. This resulted in a series of cases over the years. The ‘First Judges Case’ (1981) ruled that the “consultation” with the CJI in the matter of appointments must be full and effective. However, it rejected the idea that the CJI’s opinion, albeit carrying great weight, should have primacy.
• The Second Judges Case (1993) introduced the Collegium system, holding that “consultation” really meant “concurrence”. It added that it was not the CJI’s individual opinion, but an institutional opinion formed in consultation with the two senior-most judges in the Supreme Court. On a Presidential Reference for its opinion, the Supreme Court, in the Third Judges Case (1998) expanded the Collegium to a five-member body, comprising the CJI and four of his senior-most colleagues.
• Article 124(2) says: “Every Judge of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with such of the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts in the States as the President may deem necessary for the purpose and shall hold office until he attains the age of sixty-five years. Provided that in the case of appointment of a Judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of India shall always be consulted.”
• And Article 217: “Every Judge of a High Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State, and, in the case of appointment of a Judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the High Court.”
Ans) D
Exp)
• Statement 1 is incorrect. The Collegium of judges is the Supreme Court’s invention. It does not figure in the Constitution, which says judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts are appointed by the President and speaks of a process of consultation.
• Statement 2 is correct. The Collegium a system developed for appointment and transfer of Judges of Supreme and High Court. It also recommends the transfer of Chief Justices and other judges.
• The collegium system has its genesis in a series of Supreme Court judgments called the ‘Judges Cases’. The collegium came into being through interpretations of pertinent constitutional provisions by the Supreme Court in the Judges Cases.
• The Collegium is a system under which judges are appointed by an institution comprising judges. After some judges were superseded in the appointment of the Chief Justice of India in the 1970s, and attempts made subsequently to effect a mass transfer of High Court judges across the country, there was a perception that the independence of the judiciary was under threat. This resulted in a series of cases over the years. The ‘First Judges Case’ (1981) ruled that the “consultation” with the CJI in the matter of appointments must be full and effective. However, it rejected the idea that the CJI’s opinion, albeit carrying great weight, should have primacy.
• The Second Judges Case (1993) introduced the Collegium system, holding that “consultation” really meant “concurrence”. It added that it was not the CJI’s individual opinion, but an institutional opinion formed in consultation with the two senior-most judges in the Supreme Court. On a Presidential Reference for its opinion, the Supreme Court, in the Third Judges Case (1998) expanded the Collegium to a five-member body, comprising the CJI and four of his senior-most colleagues.
• Article 124(2) says: “Every Judge of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with such of the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts in the States as the President may deem necessary for the purpose and shall hold office until he attains the age of sixty-five years. Provided that in the case of appointment of a Judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of India shall always be consulted.”
• And Article 217: “Every Judge of a High Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State, and, in the case of appointment of a Judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the High Court.”
Consider the following statements:
1. Municipal Corporations in the states are created by the act of Parliament while the municipalities are set up in the states by the acts of the concerned state legislature.
2. Municipal Corporation is created for the administration of big cities while Municipalities are established for the administration of towns and smaller cities.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Ans) B
Exp)
• Statement 1 is incorrect. Both Municipal Corporation and Municipalities are created in the states by the acts of the concerned state legislature and in the Union territory by the acts of the Parliament of India.
• Statement 2 is correct. Municipal corporations are created for the administration of big cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, and others. The municipalities are established for the administration of towns and smaller cities.
Ans) B
Exp)
• Statement 1 is incorrect. Both Municipal Corporation and Municipalities are created in the states by the acts of the concerned state legislature and in the Union territory by the acts of the Parliament of India.
• Statement 2 is correct. Municipal corporations are created for the administration of big cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, and others. The municipalities are established for the administration of towns and smaller cities.
The fundamental objective of the Panchayati Raj system is to ensure which among the following?
1. Democratic decentralization
2. People's participation in the development
3. Political accountability
4. Financial mobilization
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Ans) A
Exp)
• Panchayati Raj Institutions brings the administration closer to people (decentralization) and provides a mechanism for people's participation in development. Statement 1 is correct.
• Grass-roots democracy was established in India not to ensure any political accountability, but to ensure citizens participation in governance leading to democratic decentralization. Statement 2 is correct.
• The term “democratic decentralization” is an appropriate replacement for the term “political accountability”. In Karnataka, elections to Grama Panchayats are held on apolitical basis i.e. members are not elected from political party tickets. Statement 3 is incorrect.
• Even though panchayats have powers to collect revenue, it is a mechanism to ensure they fulfill their fundamental objectives. Statement 4 is incorrect.
Ans) A
Exp)
• Panchayati Raj Institutions brings the administration closer to people (decentralization) and provides a mechanism for people's participation in development. Statement 1 is correct.
• Grass-roots democracy was established in India not to ensure any political accountability, but to ensure citizens participation in governance leading to democratic decentralization. Statement 2 is correct.
• The term “democratic decentralization” is an appropriate replacement for the term “political accountability”. In Karnataka, elections to Grama Panchayats are held on apolitical basis i.e. members are not elected from political party tickets. Statement 3 is incorrect.
• Even though panchayats have powers to collect revenue, it is a mechanism to ensure they fulfill their fundamental objectives. Statement 4 is incorrect.
Which of the following information is currently needed to be submitted by candidates contesting in Assembly or Parliament Elections?
1. Their health status
2. Their highest educational qualification
3. Their particulars relating to criminal antecedents, if any
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Ans) B
Exp)
Candidates contesting in Assembly or Parliament Elections need to submit the following information to the Election Commission:
• Particulars relating to criminal antecedents, if any, (cases of convictions and all pending cases)
• Details of PAN and status of filing of Income tax return of self, spouse and dependents
• Details of the assets (movable and immovable etc.)
• Liabilities/dues of candidate, spouse and all dependents to government and public financial institutions
• Details of profession or occupation of candidate and spouse
• Highest educational qualification of the candidate
Currently, they are not required to submit information related to their health. Hence, the correct answer is C.
Ans) B
Exp)
Candidates contesting in Assembly or Parliament Elections need to submit the following information to the Election Commission:
• Particulars relating to criminal antecedents, if any, (cases of convictions and all pending cases)
• Details of PAN and status of filing of Income tax return of self, spouse and dependents
• Details of the assets (movable and immovable etc.)
• Liabilities/dues of candidate, spouse and all dependents to government and public financial institutions
• Details of profession or occupation of candidate and spouse
• Highest educational qualification of the candidate
Currently, they are not required to submit information related to their health. Hence, the correct answer is C.