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Consider the following statements:
1. The ionosphere is ionized by solar and cosmic radiation.
2. The ozone layer is found above the stratosphere.
3. The air in the stratosphere is very turbulent.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Ans) A
Exp)
• Statement 1 is correct. The ionosphere is defined as the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that is ionized by solar and cosmic radiation. It lies about 75-1000 km (46-621 miles) above the Earth. (The Earth’s radius is 6370 km, so the thickness of the ionosphere is quite tiny compared with the size of Earth.)
• Because of the high energy from the Sun and from cosmic rays, the atoms in this area have been stripped of one or more of their electrons, or “ionized,” and are therefore positively charged. The ionized electrons behave as free particles. The Sun's upper atmosphere, the corona, is very hot and produces a constant stream of plasma and UV and X-rays that flow out from the Sun and affect, or ionize, the Earth's ionosphere. Only half the Earth’s ionosphere is being ionized by the Sun at any time.
• Statement 2 is incorrect. The troposphere is the lowest part of the atmosphere. It is the part we live in. The Stratosphere extends upwards from the tropopause to about 50 km. It contains much of the ozone in the atmosphere. The increase in temperature with height occurs because of the absorption of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun by this ozone.
• By absorbing dangerous UV radiation, the ozone in the stratosphere protects us from skin cancer and other health damage. However, chemicals such as CFCs or freons, and halons which were once used in refrigerators, spray cans and fire extinguishers have reduced the amount of ozone in the stratosphere, particularly at polar latitudes, leading to the so-called "Antarctic ozone hole".
• Statement 3 is incorrect. Unlike the troposphere, the stratosphere gets warmer the higher we go. That trend of rising temperatures with altitude means that air in the stratosphere lacks the turbulence and updrafts of the troposphere beneath. Commercial passenger jets fly in the lower stratosphere, partly because this less-turbulent layer provides a smoother ride. The jet stream flows near the border between the troposphere and the stratosphere.
Note: The atmosphere is comprised of layers based on temperature. These layers are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere. A further region at about 500 km above the Earth's surface is called the exosphere.
Ans) A
Exp)
• Statement 1 is correct. The ionosphere is defined as the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that is ionized by solar and cosmic radiation. It lies about 75-1000 km (46-621 miles) above the Earth. (The Earth’s radius is 6370 km, so the thickness of the ionosphere is quite tiny compared with the size of Earth.)
• Because of the high energy from the Sun and from cosmic rays, the atoms in this area have been stripped of one or more of their electrons, or “ionized,” and are therefore positively charged. The ionized electrons behave as free particles. The Sun's upper atmosphere, the corona, is very hot and produces a constant stream of plasma and UV and X-rays that flow out from the Sun and affect, or ionize, the Earth's ionosphere. Only half the Earth’s ionosphere is being ionized by the Sun at any time.
• Statement 2 is incorrect. The troposphere is the lowest part of the atmosphere. It is the part we live in. The Stratosphere extends upwards from the tropopause to about 50 km. It contains much of the ozone in the atmosphere. The increase in temperature with height occurs because of the absorption of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun by this ozone.
• By absorbing dangerous UV radiation, the ozone in the stratosphere protects us from skin cancer and other health damage. However, chemicals such as CFCs or freons, and halons which were once used in refrigerators, spray cans and fire extinguishers have reduced the amount of ozone in the stratosphere, particularly at polar latitudes, leading to the so-called "Antarctic ozone hole".
• Statement 3 is incorrect. Unlike the troposphere, the stratosphere gets warmer the higher we go. That trend of rising temperatures with altitude means that air in the stratosphere lacks the turbulence and updrafts of the troposphere beneath. Commercial passenger jets fly in the lower stratosphere, partly because this less-turbulent layer provides a smoother ride. The jet stream flows near the border between the troposphere and the stratosphere.
Note: The atmosphere is comprised of layers based on temperature. These layers are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere. A further region at about 500 km above the Earth's surface is called the exosphere.
Consider the following statements:
1. The rainfall is more over the landmasses of the world than the oceans.
2. Convectional rainfall is very common in areas where the ground is heated by the hot sun.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Ans) B
Exp)
• Statement 1 is incorrect. The rainfall is more over the oceans than on the landmasses of the world because of being great sources of water.
• Statement 2 is correct. Convectional rainfall very common in areas where the ground is heated by the hot sun, such as the Tropics (between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn). This is why those areas experience heavy rainfalls most afternoons. Convectional rainfall occurs when:
1. The surface of the earth is heated by the sun. The warm surface heats the air above it. Hot air always rises so this newly heated air does so. As it rises the air-cools and begins to condensate.
2. Further rising and cooling causes a large amount of condensation to occur and rain is formed.
3. Convection tends to produce towering cumulo-nimbus clouds, which produce heavy rain and possible thunder and lightning.
Ans) B
Exp)
• Statement 1 is incorrect. The rainfall is more over the oceans than on the landmasses of the world because of being great sources of water.
• Statement 2 is correct. Convectional rainfall very common in areas where the ground is heated by the hot sun, such as the Tropics (between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn). This is why those areas experience heavy rainfalls most afternoons. Convectional rainfall occurs when:
1. The surface of the earth is heated by the sun. The warm surface heats the air above it. Hot air always rises so this newly heated air does so. As it rises the air-cools and begins to condensate.
2. Further rising and cooling causes a large amount of condensation to occur and rain is formed.
3. Convection tends to produce towering cumulo-nimbus clouds, which produce heavy rain and possible thunder and lightning.
Regarding temperature inversion phenomenon, consider the following statements:
1. This phenomenon does not occur on the ground level and observed only in the layers beyond the troposphere.
2. The diffusion of dust, smoke, and other air pollutants is limited during a temperature inversion.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Ans) B
Exp)
• Normally, temperature decreases with an increase in elevation. It is called the normal lapse rate. At times, the situations is reversed and the normal lapse rate is inverted. It is called Inversion of temperature.
• A ground inversion develops when air is cooled by contact with a colder surface until it becomes cooler than the overlying atmosphere; this occurs most often on clear nights, when the ground cools off rapidly by radiation. If the temperature of surface air drops below its dew point, fog may result. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Statement 2 is correct. Due to the inversion of temperature, air pollutants such as dust particles and smoke do not disperse in the valley bottoms. Because of these factors, houses and farms in intermontane valleys are usually situated along the upper slopes, avoiding the cold and foggy valley bottoms. For instance, coffee growers of Brazil and apple growers and hoteliers of mountain states of Himalayas in India avoid lower slopes.
Ans) B
Exp)
• Normally, temperature decreases with an increase in elevation. It is called the normal lapse rate. At times, the situations is reversed and the normal lapse rate is inverted. It is called Inversion of temperature.
• A ground inversion develops when air is cooled by contact with a colder surface until it becomes cooler than the overlying atmosphere; this occurs most often on clear nights, when the ground cools off rapidly by radiation. If the temperature of surface air drops below its dew point, fog may result. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Statement 2 is correct. Due to the inversion of temperature, air pollutants such as dust particles and smoke do not disperse in the valley bottoms. Because of these factors, houses and farms in intermontane valleys are usually situated along the upper slopes, avoiding the cold and foggy valley bottoms. For instance, coffee growers of Brazil and apple growers and hoteliers of mountain states of Himalayas in India avoid lower slopes.
In the context of the spatial distribution of Insolation, which of the following regions receive maximum insolation on the earth's surface?
Ans) D
Exp)
Insolation can be described as the incoming solar energy that reaches the Earth’s atmosphere and surface.Insolation is the solar radiation that reaches the earth's surface. It is measured by the amount of solar energy received per square centimetre per minute. Maximum insolation is received over the subtropical deserts, where the cloudiness is the least. The Equator receives comparatively less insolation than the tropics.
Ans) D
Exp)
Insolation can be described as the incoming solar energy that reaches the Earth’s atmosphere and surface.Insolation is the solar radiation that reaches the earth's surface. It is measured by the amount of solar energy received per square centimetre per minute. Maximum insolation is received over the subtropical deserts, where the cloudiness is the least. The Equator receives comparatively less insolation than the tropics.
Arrange following ocean currents in the east to the west direction:
1. Agulhas current
2. Humboldt current
3. Kuroshio current
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Ans) D
Exp)
1. The KuroshioCurrent: It is a north-flowing ocean current on the west side of the North Pacific Ocean.
2. Agulhas Current: The Agulhas Current is the western boundary current of the southwest Indian Ocean.
1. Humboldt Current: The Humboldt Current, also called the Peru Current, is a cold, low-salinity ocean current that flows north along the western coast of South America.
Ans) D
Exp)
1. The KuroshioCurrent: It is a north-flowing ocean current on the west side of the North Pacific Ocean.
2. Agulhas Current: The Agulhas Current is the western boundary current of the southwest Indian Ocean.
1. Humboldt Current: The Humboldt Current, also called the Peru Current, is a cold, low-salinity ocean current that flows north along the western coast of South America.